{"id":12670,"date":"2025-10-24T12:27:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-24T10:27:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/?page_id=12670"},"modified":"2025-11-05T10:42:35","modified_gmt":"2025-11-05T09:42:35","slug":"daily-courage-polish-czech-and-slovak-women-in-anti-communist-dissent-1968-1989-13-nezavisle-vzdelavani","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/daily-courage-polish-czech-and-slovak-women-in-anti-communist-dissent-1968-1989-13-nezavisle-vzdelavani\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Courage. Polish, Czech and Slovak Women in Anti-Communist Dissent 1968-1989 \/13 – INDEPENDENT EDUCATION AND WOMEN"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

INDEPENDENT EDUCATION AND WOMEN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At a time when education was controlled, as were information and knowledge, educational activities independent of the regime became another form of dissent activity. Women participated in organizing secret lectures or foreign language courses, translated, distributed, and smuggled books from abroad.  Children’s camps and youth events organized by environmental organizations and church circles became spaces of freedom. Dissidents sometimes held seminars in their own homes, such as Zdena and Julius Tomin in Prague, So\u0148a and Karol \u0158\u00edhovsk\u00fd in Bratislava, and Gra\u017cyna and Jacek Kuro\u0144 in Warsaw.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Poland, the name „Flying University” reflected the frequent changes in meeting locations. Among the lecturers were personalities such as Maria Janion, Barbara Skarga, and Irena W\u00f3ycicka. On the initiative of Teresa Bogucka, the so-called Flying Library was also created, which offered lending of banned books discussed in lectures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Art historian R\u016f\u017eena Vackov\u00e1, who spent a total of sixteen years in communist prisons, and Kv\u011btu\u0161e Sgallov\u00e1, who was expelled from university for political reasons and organized „underground Bohemistry,” also participated in the secret education program. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Petru\u0161ka \u0160ustrov\u00e1 (spokespeople for Charter 77 and political prisoner): „We met once a week in the afternoon at the Baptist pulpit on Na Topolce Street, and there was a special, somewhat funny relationship between the teachers and students. Some of the students were already somewhat past the usual student age, and many of them had extensive experience in samizdat publishing. Of course, we liked and respected our professors \u2013 not only for their knowledge, but also for their courage.”\u00a0<\/em>Lidov\u00e9 noviny 1.7.2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Organizers of the so-called Flying University in 1979 (standing: Kazimierz Janusz, Kazimierz W\u00f3ycicki, Antoni Macierewicz, Prof. Jan Kielanowski, Jacek Kuro\u0144, Jan J\u00f3zef Lipski, priest Stanis\u0142aw Ma\u0142kowski; seated in the middle: Joanna Gwiazda, Halina Miko\u0142ajska, Jan Lity\u0144ski, Anka Kowalska, Jacek Bierezin, Andrzej Czuma; seated at the bottom: Konrad Bieli\u0144ski, Jerzy Markuszewski, Mariusz Wilk, Adam Michnik. \u00a0Source: Archive of O\u015brodek KARTA, photo by Janusz Krzy\u017cewski<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Barbara Labuda headed the first trade union school in Poland, an educational institution that brought together around 40 experts and organized lectures, seminars, and training courses for workers and trade unionists in the fields of history, economics, and law. In this photo from 1989, she is speaking as a candidate for the „Solidarity” Civic Committee during the election campaign. Source: Archive of O\u015brodek KARTA, photo by Mieczys\u0142aw Michalak<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Photograph taken in 1979 by the secret police while monitoring people connected with the arrival of Oxford professor Kathleen Wilkes, who was giving a lecture at the Tomins’. The IV. Directorate assigned twelve employees and six company cars to the operation. Pictured from left: Kate\u0159ina Dejmalov\u00e1, Zdena Tominov\u00e1, and V\u011bra Jirousov\u00e1 in Prague. Source: \u00a0Security Services Archive (ABS), SNB Surveillance Administration Fund \u2013 Files, Arch. Nr. SL-6467 MV (Code Name \u201eEngineer 1\u201c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Julia Kalinov\u00e1 at a secret event in the \u0158\u00edhovsk\u00fd family apartment, Jaroslav Hutka playing guitar. Source: Private archive of Franti\u0161ek Engel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In the 1960s, Ji\u0159ina \u0160iklov\u00e1 co-founded the first department of sociology at Charles University’s Faculty of Arts. After being dismissed, she continued to provide consultations to students and was also an important figure in smuggling exile literature and texts by banned authors abroad. Source: Private archive of J. \u0160iklov\u00e1 \/ Nation’s Memory<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

INDEPENDENT EDUCATION AND WOMEN At a time when education was controlled, as were information and knowledge, educational activities independent of the regime became another form of dissent activity. Women participated in organizing secret lectures or foreign language courses, translated, distributed, and smuggled books from abroad.  Children’s camps and youth events organized by environmental organizations and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":60,"featured_media":12702,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12670","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nDaily Courage. 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