{"id":353,"date":"2019-06-25T09:45:11","date_gmt":"2019-06-25T07:45:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praga\/?page_id=353"},"modified":"2025-04-01T12:22:38","modified_gmt":"2025-04-01T10:22:38","slug":"polstina","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/polstina\/","title":{"rendered":"Pol\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pol\u0161tina <\/strong>se mezi slovansk\u00fdmi jazyky \u0159ad\u00ed na druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto podle po\u010dtu u\u017eivatel\u016f: aktivn\u011b ji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 milion\u016f lid\u00ed a nejm\u00e9n\u011b 10 milion\u016f lid\u00ed deklaruje jej\u00ed pasivn\u00ed znalost. Pol\u0161tina je tedy nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm slovansk\u00fdm jazykem v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 unie, jej\u00edm p\u00e1t\u00fdm nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm etnick\u00fdm jazykem (na stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni jako \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina, po n\u011bm\u010din\u011b, angli\u010dtin\u011b, francouz\u0161tin\u011b a ital\u0161tin\u011b). V \u010cR je pol\u0161tina jazykem polsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed men\u0161iny, k n\u00ed\u017e se hl\u00e1s\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 40 tis\u00edc ob\u010dan\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pol\u0161tina pat\u0159\u00ed do <strong>indoevropsk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 skupiny<\/strong> a do podskupiny <strong>z\u00e1padoslovansk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong> (vedle \u010de\u0161tiny, sloven\u0161tiny, ka\u0161ub\u0161tiny, doln\u00ed a horn\u00ed lu\u017eick\u00e9 srb\u0161tiny a vym\u0159el\u00e9 polab\u0161tiny).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podle odhad\u016f pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd Pol\u00e1k aktivn\u011b ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 kolem t\u0159iceti tis\u00edc slov a pasivn\u011b rozum\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100 tis\u00edc\u016fm slov, kter\u00e1 nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. \u010c\u00e1st unverzitn\u00edch polonist\u016f uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee sta\u010d\u00ed zn\u00e1t 1 200 nej\u010dast\u011bji u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch slov, aby se \u010dlov\u011bk mohl pol\u0161tinu pou\u017e\u00edvat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pol\u0161tina vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako p\u00edsmo <strong>latinku <\/strong>a jej\u00ed abeceda se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 32 liter. Vyskytuje se v n\u00ed dev\u011bt p\u00edsmen tvo\u0159en\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed diakritick\u00fdch znam\u00e9nek (\u0105, \u0107, \u0119, \u0142, \u0144, \u00f3, \u015b, \u017a, \u017c). D\u00e1le se v p\u00edsmu rozli\u0161uje sedm sp\u0159e\u017eek tvo\u0159en\u00fdch dv\u011bma znaky (cz, rz, ch, sz, d\u017c, d\u017a) a jedna sp\u0159e\u017eka tvo\u0159en\u00e1 t\u0159emi znaky (dzi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"409\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/abeceda_s_prekvapenim.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/abeceda_s_prekvapenim.jpg 409w, https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/abeceda_s_prekvapenim-215x300.jpg 215w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Abeceda s p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm&#8230;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Pol\u0161tina je podobn\u011b jako \u010de\u0161tina <strong>ohebn\u00fd jazyk<\/strong>, vyskytuje se v n\u00ed tedy sko\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed (7 p\u00e1d\u016f jako v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b) i \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed, u sloves se rozli\u0161uje vid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed polsk\u00e1 v\u011bta<\/strong>: \u201eDay, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai\u201d (\u201eDej a\u0165 pomelu (mouku) a ty odpo\u010d\u00edvej\u201d) byla zaps\u00e1na v roce 1270 v p\u00edsemn\u00e9 pam\u00e1tce zvan\u00e9 Jind\u0159ichovsk\u00e1 kniha (Ksi\u0119ga henrykowska) \u2013 v\u011bta se nach\u00e1z\u00ed uprost\u0159ed latinsk\u00e9ho textu a zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je, \u017ee ji m\u011bl vyslovit <strong>\u010desk\u00fd mu\u017e Bohuchval<\/strong> ke sv\u00e9 polsk\u00e9 \u017een\u011b. V roce 1285 bylo na sn\u011bmu v \u0141\u0119czyci rozhodnuto, \u017ee pol\u0161tina bude vedle latiny vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na v kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch a katedr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pol\u0161tinu b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje ovlivnila latina, \u0159e\u010dtina, n\u011bm\u010dina, \u010de\u0161tina, starob\u011bloru\u0161tina, ture\u010dtina, francouz\u0161tina, ital\u0161tina, ru\u0161tina, ma\u010far\u0161tina a jidi\u0161. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u00e1 na ni nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vliv lingua franca na\u0161\u00ed doby \u2013 angli\u010dtina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hlavn\u00ed dialekty<\/strong> polsk\u00e9ho jazyka: velkopolsk\u00fd, malopolsk\u00fd, slezsk\u00fd, mazovsk\u00fd a n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed severn\u00edch a ji\u017en\u00edch Kres\u016f (n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pohrani\u010d\u00ed Polska).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"413\" height=\"733\" src=\"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/vyzkousej_jazyk_na_jazyku.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/vyzkousej_jazyk_na_jazyku.jpg 413w, https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/vyzkousej_jazyk_na_jazyku-169x300.jpg 169w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Vyzkou\u0161ej si jazyk na jazyku &#8211; vybrali jsme jednoduch\u00e1 jednoslabi\u010dn\u00e1 slov\u00ed\u010dka z d\u011btsk\u00e9ho slabik\u00e1\u0159e star\u00e9ho 150 let.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed informace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/multimediaguides.culture.pl\/multimediaguides\/alphabet\/the-polish-alphabet\/0\" target=\"_blank\">Multimedia Guide to Polish Language<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Poland.pl: <a href=\"https:\/\/poland.pl\/social-issues\/social\/polish-language-simple-language\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Polish language, a simple language<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Informace o tom, kde ve sv\u011bt\u011b se lze u\u010dit pol\u0161tinu a o polsk\u00fdch knihovn\u00e1ch na interaktivn\u00ed map\u011b Pol\u0161tina v zahrani\u010d\u00ed <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/polski.msz.gov.pl\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/polski.msz.gov.pl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fduky pol\u0161tiny v zahrani\u010d\u00ed: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/nawa.gov.pl\/jezyk-polski\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nawa.gov.pl\/jezyk-polski<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pol\u0161tina se mezi slovansk\u00fdmi jazyky \u0159ad\u00ed na druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto podle po\u010dtu u\u017eivatel\u016f: aktivn\u011b ji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 milion\u016f lid\u00ed a nejm\u00e9n\u011b 10 milion\u016f lid\u00ed deklaruje jej\u00ed pasivn\u00ed znalost. Pol\u0161tina je tedy nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm slovansk\u00fdm jazykem v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 unie, jej\u00edm p\u00e1t\u00fdm nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm etnick\u00fdm jazykem (na stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni jako \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina, po n\u011bm\u010din\u011b, angli\u010dtin\u011b, francouz\u0161tin\u011b a ital\u0161tin\u011b). V [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":437,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-353","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Pol\u0161tina - Instytut Polski w Pradze<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/instytutpolski.pl\/praha\/polstina\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pol\u0161tina - Instytut Polski w Pradze\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pol\u0161tina se mezi slovansk\u00fdmi jazyky \u0159ad\u00ed na druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto podle po\u010dtu u\u017eivatel\u016f: aktivn\u011b ji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 milion\u016f lid\u00ed a nejm\u00e9n\u011b 10 milion\u016f lid\u00ed deklaruje jej\u00ed pasivn\u00ed znalost. Pol\u0161tina je tedy nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm slovansk\u00fdm jazykem v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 unie, jej\u00edm p\u00e1t\u00fdm nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm etnick\u00fdm jazykem (na stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni jako \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina, po n\u011bm\u010din\u011b, angli\u010dtin\u011b, francouz\u0161tin\u011b a ital\u0161tin\u011b). 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